Tag: acrylic

  • PC Case: Build

    Once I had the finished design, I ordered all of the parts for the case and cooling system. After spending a painful amount of money (for a student), and a bit of waiting, I had everything I needed.

    The acrylic panels arrived covered in protective foil. I would have loved to leave that foil on them as much as possible, until the very end, but unfortunately, they had a very intense unpleasant smell from the factory – so I unwrapped them all and washed them thoroughly.

    One of the first things I could do was to test fit the translucent logo in the inner wall – which worked perfectly, making me feel quite hopeful about the rest of the build.

    After performing more test fits, I could practice my DCM gluing/welding method a little more, by assembling some more of the small pieces I would use later.

    The next task was to begin the main case assembly. Due to the size and flexibility of the large acrylic panels, it was a bit annoying to get them all into place – at least I added some engraved guiding lines on the inside, to help me line up the panels exactly in the right places.

    Once I had three perpendicular walls tacked into place using DCM (bottom, back, and inner wall), the structure became relatively stable – allowing me to easily add the inner front wall, shelf side wall, and inner top wall as seen in the right picture, reinforcing the structure quite a lot, enough to no longer worry about it breaking or bending.

    Having gained a bit more experience with the DCM method, it was time to work on the transparent walls, starting with the integrated coolant channels.

    Once they were assembled, I tested them for airtightness, before placing and tacking the front and top walls onto the case structure, along with the front panel (connecting top wall and top inner wall).

    To reinforce the structure even more, I decided to add some acrylic epoxy glue, to not just rely on the DCM bonds/welds.

    Most of it was in the cable management area, as it’s hidden from sight there, and holding the large inner wall, which would be the most load-bearing wall of the structure. I also used the same glue to attach some threaded posts for holding the controller and logo LED PCBs.
    The same glue was also applied (wherever possible) at the box joints between the four fixed outer walls.

    With the fixed case structure complete, I moved on to the electronics assembly.

    The front panel PCBs were rather quick and easy to solder, including all necessary connectors, buttons, and some screw terminals to hold the PCB in place later.

    The front panel also needed some cables: One to the controller and two that go to the motherboard (general front panel connectors and front panel audio).
    Since the motherboard cables would be partially visible later, I went with only black wires for them (and some black shielded speaker cable for the audio signals) – so I needed some labels to keep track of the wires during assembly.

    For the addressable LED lighting, there was of course the dedicated logo LED board, as well as the small LED bars.
    Assembling them took some effort, since I needed a total of 17 such LED bars plus the logo, so over 150 individual LEDs in total.

    Some of the bars were connected into straight sections as shown (three for the reservoir, four for the front wall, and 3+1 for the left wall), and the remaining six were arranged into a hexagon for the shelf accent light.

    For the acrylic panel edge lighting, the corresponding LED bars were mounted on the decorative corner profiles, where I had left some space for them in the design.

    In order to test and confirm that all of my LEDs work, I used an independent addressable LED controller.
    I particularly loved the edge-lit engraved design immediately – that was a really good design choice.

    Finally, it was time for the controller PCB. I checked out the original version I ordered, which looked great… until I noticed a big mistake: I had accidentally used the wrong footprint version for the main microcontroller.
    Another order and some waiting later, I got the corrected version, allowing me to start assembling it.

    The assembly process was essentially the same as in my past projects (starting with “difficult” fine-pitch parts, working my way up to bigger/easier ones, while keeping track of which parts may block soldering access to others).
    Therefore, I won’t show it in detail here. The finished board looked quite nice though.

    With part of the front panel, LEDs, and corner profiles installed, the case was starting to look more and more complete.

    Around this time, I also received the sheet metal parts for the back I/O panels. They looked quite nice from the start, but were made of bare steel – which didn’t fit the case visually, and of course would be quite susceptible to corrosion.

    Therefore, I spray painted them black to protect them and match the rest of the case, before installing them onto the back wall.

    Next, I decided to construct some cables that I would need for the build.
    To begin with, I needed a large compound cable to connect the case controller to the cooling system components outside of the case (pump, fans, flow meter, temperature sensor, and external power supply).

    I started by choosing and cutting all of the necessary wires, and feeding the signal-related wires through some shielding (which may be unnecessary, but won’t hurt to have). Then I put a nice-looking braided sheath around it, fixing it in place using heat shrink, before finally stripping the wire ends and attaching all the necessary connectors.

    Aside from that, I needed a short internal USB cable to connect the controller to the motherboard, as well as a better-looking PCIe power cable for my graphics card.

    The former was easy to make, similarly to the previous one. For the latter, I wanted it to match the look of the braided cables I’d be using for the rest of the PC – so I had to cut individual wires, crimp and braid them, and join them together at the power supply connector (made for the specific modular power supply I was going to use).

    With a USB connection to the controller PCB, it was time to program the case controller firmware.
    For one, this included various safety and cooling control features, configuration and status reporting over USB, and so on.
    Aside from that, of course, it featured the RGB LED control – here you can see me testing various LED lighting patterns, as well as a “full USB control” mode, which would allow each LED’s colour to be set individually by software running on the PC, more than 30 times per second.

    Full LED control through USB – tested with a binary counter and random colours here.

    Up next were the fixed parts of the coolant loop: A hard tube (acrylic tube) from the case inlet to the front coolant channel, a small soft tube between the front and top coolant channels, the reservoir, as well as another hard tube from the reservoir outlet to the case outlet.

    I decided to use hard tubes where possible here, as they definitely look nicer than soft tubes, in my opinion – but I’d still opt for soft tubes for tight spots (like between the integrated channels) or variable off-angle runs (i.e., for the PC components).
    Theoretically, hard tubes can be bent into almost any angles and shapes using heat, but I decided to not deal with that here, just using straight and pre-bent hard tubes that I cut to length.

    With these cooling components and the remaining PCBs in place, the base structure of the case was complete!
    I was really happy with how it looked already.

    Now I could turn my attention to the hidden parts of the cooling system.
    First, I built a little box out of plywood (glued to the inside of the shelf) to house the pump. For noise reduction/damping, I stuffed it with plastic wool (left over from the BlockBox v2 project), and added a similarly damped removable lid.

    Next, I mounted the radiator to the back of the shelf using some angle brackets. This ensured a firm mount and easy access for cool air to be drawn through the fins.

    I attached the external power supply to the pump box lid and connected an outlet tube to the pump, threading the lid onto it for easy mounting.
    After inserting the pump and closing the lid, I could attach the secondary reservoir and drainage port near the pump inlet, as well as the flow rate and temperature sensor between the pump outlet and the radiator.

    With just a few more long soft tubes and quick connect fittings, the bottom part of the cooling system was complete as well.
    This meant that I could finally place the case on top of the shelves and connect it (both the coolant inlet/outlet and the electrical cable).

    Finally, I completed the coolant loop by attaching the CPU and GPU cooling blocks with some more soft tubes.
    Of course, they were not attached to any PC components yet, but this allowed me to close the loop, test it for any potential leaks, and even fill it with some liquid (pure distilled water) for the first time, thanks to the external power supply!

    Now that every part of the case and coolant loop was confirmed to work, I could transfer my actual PC components into it!

  • PC Case: Physical Design

    For the case design, I started with the basic wall structure, consisting of four fixed walls (top, bottom, front, back) and two removable side panels (left and right), as is typical for PC cases, as well as a central dividing wall, which would hold the motherboard later. As planned, the top, front, and left sides would be made of clear acrylic, with black acrylic used for the others.

    I chose a case size of 50 x 50 x 27 cm, which was quite large for a PC case, but I had the space for it and really didn’t want it to end up cramped. The width was mostly dictated by wanting to have enough cable management space in the back, as well as comfortably fitting a vertically mounted GPU on the left side.

    The edges between walls were covered with corner profiles (made of plastic and aluminium), which also served as the “rails” holding the side panels.
    The placement of the power supply and HDD cage were easy too, so I placed them down right away.

    The power supply got a corresponding cutout in the back, with mounting holes allowing it to be placed with the fan facing up or down. For downwards fan placement, I also added a matching cutout in the bottom panel.
    You can also see here how I added a kind of box joint at the intersections between fixed walls, allowing for a stronger bond between them later.

    With the mock-ups for the motherboard and vertical GPU added, I now had a baseline for designing the rear I/O panels, which would be sheet metal parts designed according to the ATX and PCIe standard requirements, as discussed in the previous chapter.
    The empty space on the main I/O panel was filled with a hexagon hole pattern, to allow at least a little bit of airflow into and out of the case.

    Additionally, I added the lower “shelf” you can see inside the case – this would serve as a mount for the vertical GPU, but also as an aesthetic cover for the HDD cage, power supply, and corresponding cables.

    Looking at the empty space on the bottom of the front panel gave me my first idea for an aesthetic lighting feature: An engraved design and logo in the transparent panel, with LED edge lighting from below.

    The positions of all the main PC components were fixed at this point, so I could start designing the cooling loop.
    As stated in the introduction post, I wanted an external radiator, placed out of sight – same for the coolant pump. Therefore, the case itself would only contain the CPU and GPU cooling blocks, a reservoir, and coolant tubing (some of which would be replaced by channels integrated into the front and top walls).
    To connect it to the external components, I added two quick-disconnect fittings on the back.

    Next, it was time for some more aesthetic LED features – a hexagon accent and logo made of translucent acrylic, an LED bar behind the reservoir, as well as a few more engraved edge-lit features in the left wall.
    Also, you can see that I added some cutouts in the dividing wall around the motherboard, for routing cables.

    Another important part of any PC case is the front panel, which provides the power and reset buttons, the disk activity indicator, and connectors for USB and audio.
    Here’s the design I came up with, on the top right of the case.

    Behind the right panel, the design looked like this. Lots of cutouts and space for cable routing, access to the HDD cage, some 2.5″ SSD mounting spots, small acrylic “shelves” for the front panel electronics, and three circuit boards (logo LEDs, front panel, and case controller), which I will go into in the next chapter.

    At this point, there were just a few details left to add – for example, rubber feet to support the case (while leaving an air gap for the power supply), as well as small rotatable pieces on the back side to lock the side panels into place.

    With that, the basic physical design of the case was complete, and I loved how it turned out.

    For the external cooling components, I found some simple square shelves, into which I could integrate a large square radiator (an Alphacool 480/560mm unit), a small additional reservoir, a drain port for emptying the loop, a flow and temperature sensor (Aquacomputer high flow 2), as well as a sound-dampened box for the coolant pump (initially designed for the Jingway DP1200PWM).

    Placing the case on top of the shelf and connecting the external components resulted in a nice-looking overall system, with most of the “visually unpleasant” components hidden away.

    Physical design done, let’s look at the electronics design next.

  • PC Case: Standards and Materials

    As the main goal of this project was to house PC components and be a functional case for them, the design process was a little different from my usual project designs: Here, I had to follow certain standards (mainly the ATX and PCIe standards) in order to make standard PC components fit inside and have their connectors be accessible on the outside.

    Therefore, I’d have to start with a significant amount of planning in CAD – starting with the central PC component, the motherboard.
    I created a Fusion 360 mock-up of a simplified motherboard, with its mounting holes, I/O shield, and PCIe expansion cards based on the standard specifications.
    This would allow me to easily transfer sizes and positions from this mock-up to my case design, ensuring the case fits all standard specifications.

    I made similar mock-up designs of a standard ATX power supply, a stand-alone PCIe card, and an HDD cage (which I salvaged from an old PC case).

    Because of the design of the motherboard and expansion card I/O panels, I knew that the corresponding case wall would likely have to be made of sheet metal, as is typical in most PC cases: It needs to be quite strong (as it holds the cards, for example) and thin (to not get in the way of connectors).

    My first idea was to build a majority of the case out of sheet metal, with some other material for the transparent walls – however, I quickly discovered that single-quantity custom sheet metal parts are quite expensive, so using them for most of the case would blow up the project cost beyond any reasonable budget.

    Therefore, I decided to keep the sheet metal parts to a minimum (rear I/O only) and switch to a different material for the rest of the case: Laser-cut acrylic plastic.
    While plastic isn’t perfect for PC cases (no EMI shielding, not fire/heat resistant, thermally insulating), it allows the project to be much more affordable, while being visually pleasing and solving the question about transparent wall materials.

    I had two more ideas that would be fun with acrylic plastic, but they would need to be tested first: Laser engravings (for lighting and visuals), as well as building coolant channels into the transparent side walls of the case.
    So before continuing my design, I ordered some test pieces to be laser cut out of transparent acrylic.

    The first thing I wanted to see was the quality of the engraving, as well as what different engraving options (offered by Sculpteo, the laser cutting company I chose) would look like in real life.

    For testing the idea of integrated coolant channels, I had to test two things: Whether I could glue acrylic layers together sufficiently well for that, and whether I could tap threads for fittings into the acrylic pieces.
    Threads turned out to be quite easy using a corresponding tap, assuming the hole size was chosen well.

    Gluing acrylic layers together was much more difficult. I tried a special glue called Acrifix, but I didn’t like how it behaved for small parts (especially hollow ones), and also it had an extremely unpleasant smell, making it very annoying to work with.
    Another method I found online was solvent bonding using DCM (dichloromethane), basically dissolving a bit of the plastic at the boundary between two pieces, welding them together – so that’s what I tried next.

    Initial attempts to make some small test “cups” looked promising – the layers stuck together quite well, though sharp corners were prone to cracking.

    They seemed to be watertight as well, having no obvious leaks. To make sure, I filled them with ink, which revealed that one of my test pieces was not watertight on the inside edges – but it did still seem to hold on the outside.

    While this “partial” seal didn’t instil much confidence, I decided to carry on with my other test: Making some actual test channels and checking them for airtightness.

    I ordered a leak testing tool from Alphacool, designed for PC liquid cooling. Using it on the channels (with one end plugged) showed that they seemed to be perfectly airtight, which was good enough for me, so I decided to carry on with that idea.

    In hindsight, I should have been more suspicious of the “partial seal” I noticed earlier – but at this point, I was blissfully unaware of that.
    Therefore, satisfied with the test results, I started designing the case itself.